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With this feature enabled, DRBD generates a message digest of every data block it replicates to the peer, which the peer then uses to verify the integrity of the replication packet.

If the replicated block can not be verified against the digest, the connection is dropped and immediately re-established; because of the bitmap the typical result is a retransmission. Therefore, DRBD replication is protected against several error sources, all of which, if unchecked, would potentially lead to data corruption during the replication process:. Bit flips occurring on data in transit from the network interface to main memory on the receiving node the same considerations apply for TCP checksum offloading ;.

Any form of corruption due to a race conditions or bugs in network interface firmware or drivers;. Bit flips or random corruption injected by some reassembling network component between nodes if not using direct, back-to-back connections. See Configuring Replication Traffic Integrity Checking for information about how to enable replication traffic integrity checking. Split brain is a situation where, due to temporary failure of all network links between cluster nodes, and possibly due to intervention by a cluster management software or human error, both nodes switched to the Primary role while disconnected.

This is a potentially harmful state, as it implies that modifications to the data might have been made on either node, without having been replicated to the peer. Therefore, it is likely in this situation that two diverging sets of data have been created, which cannot be trivially merged. DRBD split brain is distinct from cluster split brain, which is the loss of all connectivity between hosts managed by a distributed cluster management application such as Pacemaker. To avoid confusion, this guide uses the following convention:.

Loss of all cluster connectivity is referred to as a cluster partition , an alternative term for cluster split brain. DRBD allows for automatic operator notification by email or other means when it detects split brain. See Split Brain Notification for details on how to configure this feature. While the recommended course of action in this scenario is to manually resolve the split brain and then eliminate its root cause, it may be desirable, in some cases, to automate the process.

DRBD has several resolution algorithms available for doing so:. Discarding modifications made on the younger primary. In this mode, when the network connection is re-established and split brain is discovered, DRBD will discard modifications made, in the meantime, on the node which switched to the primary role last.

Discarding modifications made on the older primary. In this mode, DRBD will discard modifications made, in the meantime, on the node which switched to the primary role first. Discarding modifications on the primary with fewer changes. In this mode, DRBD will check which of the two nodes has recorded fewer modifications, and will then discard all modifications made on that host.

Graceful recovery from split brain if one host has had no intermediate changes. In this mode, if one of the hosts has made no modifications at all during split brain, DRBD will simply recover gracefully and declare the split brain resolved. Note that this is a fairly unlikely scenario. Even if both hosts only mounted the file system on the DRBD block device even read-only , the device contents typically would be modified for example, by filesystem journal replay , ruling out the possibility of automatic recovery.

Whether or not automatic split brain recovery is acceptable depends largely on the individual application. Consider the example of DRBD hosting a database. The discard modifications from host with fewer changes approach may be fine for a web application click-through database. By contrast, it may be totally unacceptable to automatically discard any modifications made to a financial database, requiring manual recovery in any split brain event.

When local block devices such as hard drives or RAID logical disks have write caching enabled, writes to these devices are considered completed as soon as they have reached the volatile cache. Controller manufacturers typically refer to this as write-back mode, the opposite being write-through. If a power outage occurs on a controller in write-back mode, the last writes are never committed to the disk, potentially causing data loss.

To counteract this, DRBD makes use of disk flushes. DRBD uses disk flushes for write operations both to its replicated data set and to its meta data. In effect, DRBD circumvents the write cache in situations it deems necessary, as in activity log updates or enforcement of implicit write-after-write dependencies. This means additional reliability even in the face of power failure. It is important to understand that DRBD can use disk flushes only when layered on top of backing devices that support them.

The same is true for device-mapper devices LVM2, dm-raid, multipath. Controllers with battery-backed write cache BBWC use a battery to back up their volatile storage.

On such devices, when power is restored after an outage, the controller flushes all pending writes out to disk from the battery-backed cache, ensuring that all writes committed to the volatile cache are actually transferred to stable storage. See Disabling Backing Device Flushes for details. Trim and Discard are two names for the same feature: a request to a storage system, telling it that some data range is not being used anymore [ 1 ] and can be erased internally.

This call originates in Flash-based storages SSDs, FusionIO cards, and so on , which cannot easily rewrite a sector but instead have to erase and write the new data again incurring some latency cost.

For more details, see for example, the wikipedia page. Since 8. The effect is that for example, a recent-enough mkfs. Therefore, it is left to upper layers to deal with such errors this may result in a file system being remounted read-only, for example.

This strategy does not ensure service continuity, and is therefore not recommended for most users. Performance in this mode will be reduced, but the service continues without interruption, and can be moved to the peer node in a deliberate fashion at a convenient time. DRBD distinguishes between inconsistent and outdated data. Inconsistent data is data that cannot be expected to be accessible and useful in any manner.

The prime example for this is data on a node that is currently the target of an ongoing synchronization. Data on such a node is part obsolete, part up to date, and impossible to identify as either. Therefore, for example, if the device holds a filesystem as is commonly the case , that filesystem would be unexpected to mount or even pass an automatic filesystem check.

Outdated data, by contrast, is data on a secondary node that is consistent, but no longer in sync with the primary node. This would occur in any interruption of the replication link, whether temporary or permanent. Data on an outdated, disconnected secondary node is expected to be clean, but it reflects a state of the peer node some time past. To avoid services using outdated data, DRBD disallows promoting a resource that is in the outdated state.

DRBD has interfaces that allow an external application to outdate a secondary node as soon as a network interruption occurs. DRBD will then refuse to switch the node to the primary role, preventing applications from using the outdated data.

A complete implementation of this functionality exists for the Pacemaker cluster management framework where it uses a communication channel separate from the DRBD replication link.

However, the interfaces are generic and may be easily used by any other cluster management application. Whenever an outdated resource has its replication link re-established, its outdated flag is automatically cleared. A background synchronization then follows. When using three-way replication, DRBD adds a third node to an existing 2-node cluster and replicates data to that node, where it can be used for backup and disaster recovery purposes. Three-way replication works by adding another, stacked DRBD resource on top of the existing resource holding your production data, as seen in this illustration:.

Three-way replication can be used permanently, where the third node is continuously updated with data from the production cluster. Alternatively, it may also be employed on demand, where the production cluster is normally disconnected from the backup site, and site-to-site synchronization is performed on a regular basis, for example by running a nightly cron job.

In that event, the writing application has to wait until some of the data written runs off through a possibly small bandwidth network link. The average write bandwidth is limited by available bandwidth of the network link. Write bursts can only be handled gracefully if they fit into the limited socket output buffer. However, when the bandwidth of the network link is the limiting factor, the gain in shortening transmit time outweighs the added latency of compression and decompression.

Truck-based replication, also known as disk shipping, is a means of preseeding a remote site with data to be replicated, by physically shipping storage media to the remote site. This is particularly suited for situations where. In such situations, without truck-based replication, DRBD would require a very long initial device synchronization on the order of weeks, months, or years.

Truck based replication allows shipping a data seed to the remote site, and so drastically reduces the initial synchronization time. See Using truck based replication for details on this use case. A somewhat special use case for DRBD is the floating peers configuration.

In floating peer setups, DRBD peers are not tied to specific named hosts as in conventional configurations , but instead have the ability to float between several hosts.

Now, as your storage demands grow, you will encounter the need for additional servers. Rather than having to buy 3 more servers at the same time, you can rebalance your data across a single additional node. In the figure above you can see the before and after states: from 3 nodes with three 25TiB volumes each for a net 75TiB , to 4 nodes, with net TiB. DRBD 9 makes it possible to do an online, live migration of the data; please see Data Rebalancing for the exact steps needed.

The basic idea is that the DRBD back end can consist of three, four, or more nodes depending on the policy of required redundancy ; but, as DRBD 9 can connect more nodes than that. DRBD works then as a storage access protocol in addition to storage replication. All write requests executed on a primary DRBD client gets shipped to all nodes equipped with storage.

Read requests are only shipped to one of the server nodes. The DRBD client will evenly distribute the read requests among all available server nodes.

To avoid split brain or diverging data of replicas you have to configure fencing. It turns out that in real world deployments, node fencing is not popular because often mistakes happen in planning or deploying it. In the moment a data-set has three replicas you can rely on the quorum implementation within DRBD rather than cluster manager level fencing. Pacemaker gets informed about quorum or loss-of-quorum through the master score of the resource. The fundamental problem with two node clusters is that in the moment they lose connectivity we have two partitions and none of them has quorum, which results in the cluster halting the service.

This problem can be mitigated by adding a third, diskless node to the cluster which will then act as a quorum tiebreaker. See Using a Diskless Node as a Tiebreaker for more information.

DRBD runs all its necessary resync operations in parallel so that nodes are reintegrated with up-to-date data as soon as possible. This works well when there is one DRBD resource per backing disk.

However, when DRBD resources share a physical disk or when a single resource spans multiple volumes , resyncing these resources or volumes in parallel results in a nonlinear access pattern. Hard disks perform much better with a linear access pattern. For such cases you can serialize resyncs using the resync-after keyword within a disk section of a DRBD resource configuration file. See here for an example. In many scenarios it is useful to combine DRBD with a failover cluster resource manager.

Its promoter plug-in manages services using systemd unit files or OCF resource agents. A limitation is that it supports ordering of services only for collocated services.

One of its advantages is that it makes possible fully automatic recovery of clusters after a temporary network failure. This, together with its simplicity, make it the recommended failover cluster manager. Pacemaker is the longest available open source cluster resource manager for high-availability clusters. Pacemaker has probably the most flexible system to express resources location and ordering constraints. However, with this flexibility, setups can become complex. LINBIT signs most of its kernel module object files, the following table gives an overview when signing for distributions started:.

It can be enrolled with the following command:. A password can be chosen freely. It will be used when the key is actually enrolled to the MOK list after the required reboot. Before you can pull images, you have to log in to the registry:. After a successful login, you can pull images.

To test your login and the registry, start by issuing the following command:. Support for these builds, if any, is being provided by the associated distribution vendor. Their release cycle may lag behind DRBD source releases.

It comes bundled with the High Availability Extension package selection. DRBD can be installed using yum note that you will need a correct repository enabled for this to work :. Releases generated by Git tags on github are snapshots of the Git repository at the given time. You most likely do not want to use these. They might lack things such as generated man pages, the configure script, and other generated files. If you want to build from a tar file, use the ones provided by us.

All our projects contain standard build scripts e. Maintaining specific information per distribution e. This chapter outlines typical administrative tasks encountered during day-to-day operations. It does not cover troubleshooting tasks, these are covered in detail in Troubleshooting and Error Recovery.

After you have installed DRBD, you must set aside a roughly identically sized storage area on both cluster nodes. This will become the lower-level device for your DRBD resource. You may use any type of block device found on your system for this purpose. Typical examples include:. You may also use resource stacking , meaning you can use one DRBD device as a lower-level device for another.

Some specific considerations apply to stacked resources; their configuration is covered in detail in Creating a Stacked Three-node Setup. It is not necessary for this storage area to be empty before you create a DRBD resource from it. It is recommended, though not strictly required, that you run your DRBD replication over a dedicated connection.

At the time of this writing, the most reasonable choice for this is a direct, back-to-back, Gigabit Ethernet connection. When DRBD is run over switches, use of redundant components and the bonding driver in active-backup mode is recommended. It is generally not recommended to run DRBD replication via routers, for reasons of fairly obvious performance drawbacks adversely affecting both throughput and latency.

In terms of local firewall considerations, it is important to understand that DRBD by convention uses TCP ports from upwards, with every resource listening on a separate port. For proper DRBD functionality, it is required that these connections are allowed by your firewall configuration. You may have to adjust your local security policy so it does not keep DRBD from functioning properly. If you want to provide for DRBD connection load-balancing or redundancy, you can easily do so at the Ethernet level again, using the bonding driver.

The local firewall configuration allows both inbound and outbound TCP connections between the hosts over these ports. Normally, this configuration file is just a skeleton with the following contents:. It is also possible to use drbd. Such a configuration, however, quickly becomes cluttered and hard to manage, which is why the multiple-file approach is the preferred one. Regardless of which approach you employ, you should always make sure that drbd. The DRBD source tarball contains an example configuration file in the scripts subdirectory.

This section describes only those few aspects of the configuration file which are absolutely necessary to understand in order to get DRBD up and running. For the purposes of this guide, we assume a minimal setup in line with the examples given in the previous sections:. Resources are configured to use fully synchronous replication Protocol C unless explicitly specified otherwise.

The configuration above implicitly creates one volume in the resource, numbered zero 0. For multiple volumes in one resource, modify the syntax as follows assuming that the same lower-level storage block devices are used on both nodes :.

They may contain volume themselves, these values have precedence over inherited values. For compatibility with older releases of DRBD it supports also drbd The old version to specify the device, was to give a string containing the name of the resulting device file.

This section is allowed only once in the configuration. In a single-file configuration, it should go to the very top of the configuration file. Of the few options available in this section, only one is of relevance to most users:. This can be disabled by setting usage-count no;. The default is usage-count ask; which will prompt you every time you upgrade DRBD. This section provides a shorthand method to define configuration settings inherited by every resource. You may define any option you can also define on a per-resource basis.

Including a common section is not strictly required, but strongly recommended if you are using more than one resource. Otherwise, the configuration quickly becomes convoluted by repeatedly-used options. For other synchronization protocols available, see Replication Modes. Any DRBD resource you define must be named by specifying a resource name in the configuration.

Every resource configuration must also have at least two on host sub-sections, one for every cluster node. In addition, options with equal values on all hosts can be specified directly in the resource section.

Thus, we can further condense our example configuration as follows:. Currently the communication links in DRBD 9 must build a full mesh, i. For the simple case of two hosts drbdadm will insert the single network connection by itself, for ease of use and backwards compatibility. The net effect of this is a quadratic number of network connections over hosts. If you have got enough network cards in your servers, you can create direct cross-over links between server pairs.

A single four-port ethernet card allows to have a single management interface, and to connect 3 other servers, to get a full mesh for 4 cluster nodes. The examples below will still be using two servers only; please see Example configuration for four nodes for a four-node example. DRBD allows configuring multiple paths per connection, by introducing multiple path sections in a connection. Please see the following example:.

Obviously the two endpoint hostnames need to be equal in all paths of a connection. The TCP transport uses one path at a time. If the backing TCP connections get dropped, or show timeouts, the TCP transport implementation tries to establish a connection over the next path. It goes over all paths in a round-robin fashion until a connection gets established. The RDMA transport uses all paths of a connection concurrently and it balances the network traffic between the paths evenly.

Each connection that lacks a transport option uses the tcp transport. The tcp transport can be configured with the net options: sndbuf-size , rcvbuf-size , connect-int , sock-check-timeo , ping-timeo , timeout. The rdma transport is a zero-copy-receive transport. In case one of the descriptor kinds becomes depleted you should increase sndbuf-size or rcvbuf-size. After you have completed initial resource configuration as outlined in the previous sections, you can bring up your resource. This step must be completed only on initial device creation.

Please note that the number of bitmap slots that are allocated in the meta-data depends on the number of hosts for this resource; per default the hosts in the resource configuration are counted. This step associates the resource with its backing device or devices, in case of a multi-volume resource , sets replication parameters, and connects the resource to its peer:. By now, DRBD has successfully allocated both disk and network resources and is ready for operation.

What it does not know yet is which of your nodes should be used as the source of the initial device synchronization. If you are dealing with newly-initialized, empty disks, this choice is entirely arbitrary. If one of your nodes already has valuable data that you need to preserve, however, it is of crucial importance that you select that node as your synchronization source. If you do initial device synchronization in the wrong direction, you will lose that data.

Exercise caution. This step must be performed on only one node, only on initial resource configuration, and only on the node you selected as the synchronization source.

To perform this step, issue this command:. After issuing this command, the initial full synchronization will commence. You will be able to monitor its progress via drbdadm status. It may take some time depending on the size of the device. By now, your DRBD device is fully operational, even before the initial synchronization has completed albeit with slightly reduced performance.

If you started with empty disks you may now already create a filesystem on the device, use it as a raw block device, mount it, and perform any other operation you would with an accessible block device. You will now probably want to continue with Working with DRBD , which describes common administrative tasks to perform on your resource. Running drbdadm status now shows the disks as UpToDate even tough the backing devices might be out of sync.

You can now create a file system on the disk and start using it. In order to preseed a remote node with data which is then to be kept synchronized, and to skip the initial full device synchronization, follow these steps. This assumes that your local node has a configured, but disconnected DRBD resource in the Primary role.

That is to say, device configuration is completed, identical drbd. You may do so, for example, by removing a hot-swappable drive from a RAID-1 mirror. You would, of course, replace it with a fresh drive, and rebuild the RAID set, to ensure continued redundancy. But the removed drive is a verbatim copy that can now be shipped off site. If your local block device supports snapshot copies such as when using DRBD on top of LVM , you may also create a bitwise copy of that snapshot using dd.

Add the copies to the remote node. This may again be a matter of plugging a physical disk, or grafting a bitwise copy of your shipped data onto existing storage on the remote node. Be sure to restore or copy not only your replicated data, but also the associated DRBD metadata. If you fail to do so, the disk shipping process is moot. On the new node we need to fix the node ID in the meta data, and exchange the peer-node info for the two nodes.

Please see the following lines as example for changing node id from 2 to 1 on a resource r0 volume 0. You need to edit the first 4 lines to match your needs. V is the resource name with the volume number. After the two peers connect, they will not initiate a full device synchronization. Instead, the automatic synchronization that now commences only covers those blocks that changed since the invocation of drbdadm --clear-bitmap new-current-uuid. Even if there were no changes whatsoever since then, there may still be a brief synchronization period due to areas covered by the Activity Log being rolled back on the new Secondary.

This may be mitigated by the use of checksum-based synchronization. You may use this same procedure regardless of whether the resource is a regular DRBD resource, or a stacked resource. For stacked resources, simply add the -S or --stacked option to drbdadm. As another example, if the four nodes have enough interfaces to provide a complete mesh via direct links [ 2 ] , you can specify the IP addresses of the interfaces:.

Please note the numbering scheme used for the IP addresses and ports. Another resource could use the same IP addresses, but ports 71 xy , the next one 72 xy , and so on. It updates the state of DRBD resources in real-time. It was used extensively up to DRBD 8. The first line, prefixed with version: , shows the DRBD version used on your system.

The second line contains information about this specific build. Every few lines in this example form a block that is repeated for every node used in this resource, with small format exceptions for the local node — see below for more details. The first line in each block shows the node-id for the current resource; a host can have different node-id s in different resources.

Furthermore the role see Resource Roles is shown. The next important line begins with the volume specification; normally these are numbered starting by zero, but the configuration may specify other IDs as well. This line shows the connection state in the replication item see Connection States for details and the remote disk state in disk see Disk States.

For the local node the first line shows the resource name, home , in our example. As the first block always describes the local node, there is no Connection or address information. The other four lines in this example form a block that is repeated for every DRBD device configured, prefixed by the device minor number.

Using the command drbdsetup events2 with additional options and arguments is a low-level mechanism to get information out of DRBD, suitable for use in automated tools, like monitoring.

In its simplest invocation, showing only the current status, the output looks like this but, when running on a terminal, will include colors :. If you are interested in only a single connection of a resource, specify the connection name, too:. No network configuration available. The resource has not yet been connected, or has been administratively disconnected using drbdadm disconnect , or has dropped its connection due to failed authentication or split brain.

Temporary state following a timeout in the communication with the peer. Next state: Unconnected. The volume is not replicated over this connection, since the connection is not Connected. Full synchronization, initiated by the administrator, is just starting. Partial synchronization is just starting.

Synchronization is about to begin. The local node is the source of an ongoing synchronization, but synchronization is currently paused. This may be due to a dependency on the completion of another synchronization process, or due to synchronization having been manually interrupted by drbdadm pause-sync.

The local node is the target of an ongoing synchronization, but synchronization is currently paused. On-line device verification is currently running, with the local node being the source of verification.

On-line device verification is currently running, with the local node being the target of verification. Data replication was suspended, since the link can not cope with the load. This state is enabled by the configuration on-congestion option see Configuring Congestion Policies and Suspended Replication. Data replication was suspended by the peer, since the link can not cope with the load. This state is enabled by the configuration on-congestion option on the peer node see Configuring Congestion Policies and Suspended Replication.

The resource is currently in the primary role, and may be read from and written to. This role only occurs on one of the two nodes, unless dual-primary mode is enabled. The resource is currently in the secondary role. It normally receives updates from its peer unless running in disconnected mode , but may neither be read from nor written to.

This role may occur on one or both nodes. The local resource role never has this status. No local block device has been assigned to the DRBD driver. Next state: Diskless. The data is inconsistent. This status occurs immediately upon creation of a new resource, on both nodes before the initial full sync.

Also, this status is found in one node the synchronization target during synchronization. Consistent data of a node without connection. When the connection is established, it is decided whether the data is UpToDate or Outdated. Shows the network family, the local address and port that is used to accept connections from the peer.

The command drbdsetup status --verbose --statistics can be used to show performance statistics. These are also available in drbdsetup events2 --statistics , although there will not be a changed event for every change. The statistics include the following counters and gauges:. Typical causes are. Application data that is being written by the peer.

That is, DRBD has sent it to the peer and is waiting for the acknowledgement that it has been written. In sectors bytes. Resync data that is being written by the peer. That is, DRBD is SyncSource , has sent data to the peer as part of a resync and is waiting for the acknowledgement that it has been written. Whether the resynchronization is currently suspended or not.

Possible values are no , user , peer , dependency. Comma separated. Number of requests received from the peer, but that have not yet been acknowledged by DRBD on this node. Number of seconds remaining for the synchronization to complete.

If, however, you need to enable resources manually for any reason, you may do so by issuing the command. As always, you are able to review the pending drbdsetup invocations by running drbdadm with the -d dry-run option. A resource configured to allow dual-primary mode can be switched to the primary role on two nodes; this is, for example, needed for online migration of virtual machines. Upgrading DRBD is a fairly simple process. This section will cover the process of upgrading from 8.

DRBD is wire protocol compatible over minor versions. DRBD is protocol compatible within a major number. All version 8. DRBD 9. This topic is discussed in the LVM Chapter. Deconfigure resources, unload DRBD 8. Convert DRBD metadata to format v09 , perhaps changing the number of bitmaps in the same step. Due to the number of changes between the 8. Perform this repository update on both servers. Before you begin make sure your resources are in sync.

Now that you know the resources are in sync, start by upgrading the secondary node. Both processes are covered below. Once the upgrade is finished will now have the latest DRBD 9.

See Changes to the Configuration Syntax for a full list of changes. This will output both a new global config followed by the new resource config files. Take this output and make changes accordingly. Upgrading the DRBD metadata is as easy as running one command, and acknowledging the two questions:. Of course, you can pass all for the resource names, too; and if you feel really lucky, you can avoid the questions via a command line like this here, too.

Yes, the order is important. Now, the only thing left to do is to get the DRBD devices up and running again — a simple drbdadm up all should do the trick. If you are using a cluster manager follow its documentation.

If you are already running 9. Dual-primary mode allows a resource to assume the primary role simultaneously on more than one node. Doing so is possible on either a permanent or a temporary basis. Dual-primary mode requires that the resource is configured to replicate synchronously protocol C.

Because of this it is latency sensitive, and ill suited for WAN environments. Additionally, as both resources are always primary, any interruption in the network between nodes will result in a split-brain. To enable dual-primary mode, set the allow-two-primaries option to yes in the net section of your resource configuration:.

After that, do not forget to synchronize the configuration between nodes. To temporarily enable dual-primary mode for a resource normally running in a single-primary configuration, issue the following command:. Online device verification for resources is not enabled by default. Normally, you should be able to choose at least from sha1 , md5 , and crc32c. If you make this change to an existing resource, as always, synchronize your drbd. After you have enabled online verification, you will be able to initiate a verification run using the following command:.

Any applications using the device at that time can continue to do so unimpeded, and you may also switch resource roles at will. If out-of-sync blocks were detected during the verification run, you may resynchronize them using the following commands after verification has completed.

The first command will cause the local differences to be overwritten by the remote version. The second command does it in the opposite direction.

Before drbd A way to do that is disconnecting from a primary and ensuring that the primary changes at least one block while the peer is away. Most users will want to automate online device verification. This can be easily accomplished.

Normally, one tries to ensure that background synchronization which makes the data on the synchronization target temporarily inconsistent completes as quickly as possible. However, it is also necessary to keep background synchronization from hogging all bandwidth otherwise available for foreground replication, which would be detrimental to application performance. Likewise, and for the same reasons, it does not make sense to set a synchronization rate that is higher than the bandwidth available on the replication network.

So, in DRBD 8. In this mode, DRBD uses an automated control loop algorithm to determine, and adjust, the synchronization rate. It may be wise to engage professional consultancy to optimally configure this DRBD feature. An example configuration which assumes a deployment in conjunction with DRBD Proxy is provided below:.

Here a good starting value for c-fill-target would be 3MB. Please see the drbd. In a few, very restricted situations [ 5 ] , it might make sense to just use some fixed synchronization rate.

In this case, first of all you need to turn the dynamic sync rate controller off, by using c-plan-ahead 0;. Then, the maximum bandwidth a resource uses for background re-synchronization is determined by the resync-rate option for a resource. Note that the rate setting is given in bytes , not bits per second; the default unit is Kibibyte , so a value of would be interpreted as 4MiB. Checksum-based synchronization is not enabled for resources by default.

In an environment where the replication bandwidth is highly variable as would be typical in WAN replication setups , the replication link may occasionally become congested. It is usually wise to set both congestion-fill and congestion-extents together with the pull-ahead option. This is the default and recommended option. On the primary node, it is reported to the mounted file system. On the secondary node, it is ignored because the secondary has no upper layer to report to.

Replication traffic integrity checking is not enabled for resources by default. When growing extending DRBD volumes, you need to grow from bottom to top. You need to extend the backing block devices on all nodes first. Then you can tell DRBD to use the new space. Note that different file systems have different capabilities and different sets of management tools.

For example XFS can only grow. While the EXT family can both grow even online , and also shrink only offline; you have to unmount it first. Obviously use the correct DRBD as displayed by mount or df -T , while mounted , and not the backing block device.

DRBD replicates the changes to the file system structure. That is what you have it for. But as mentioned, that does not take the block device, but the mount point as argument. When shrinking reducing DRBD volumes, you need to shrink from top to bottom. So first verify that no one is using the space you want to cut off.

Next, shrink the file system if your file system supports that. See also Shrinking Online , Shrinking Offline. If the backing block devices can be grown while in operation online , it is also possible to increase the size of a DRBD device based on these devices during operation.

To do so, two criteria must be fulfilled:. Having grown the backing block devices on all nodes, ensure that only one node is in primary state. Then enter on one node:. This triggers a synchronization of the new section. The synchronization is done from the primary node to the secondary node. When the backing block devices on both nodes are grown while DRBD is inactive, and the DRBD resource is using external meta data , then the new size is recognized automatically.

No administrative intervention is necessary. If however the DRBD resource is configured to use internal meta data , then this meta data must be moved to the end of the grown device before the new size becomes available. To do so, complete the following steps:. You must do this on both nodes, using a separate dump file for every node. Do not dump the meta data on one node, and simply copy the dump file to the peer. Remember that la-size-sect must be specified in sectors.

Since DRBD cannot ask the file system how much space it actually uses, you have to be careful to not cause data loss. To shrink DRBD online, issue the following command after you have shrunk the file system residing on top of it:. After you have shrunk DRBD, you may also shrink the containing block device if it supports shrinking. If you were to shrink a backing block device while DRBD is inactive, DRBD would refuse to attach to this block device during the next attach attempt, since it is now too small in case external meta data is used , or it would be unable to find its meta data in case internal meta data is used.

To work around these issues, use this procedure if you cannot use online shrinking :. Only if you are using internal metadata which at this time have probably been lost due to the shrinking process , re-initialize the metadata area:. Both of these options are enabled by default. To disable disk flushes for the replicated data set, include the following line in your configuration:.

In case only one of the serves has a BBWC [ 6 ] , you should move the setting into a host section, like this:. DRBD invokes the split-brain handler, if configured, at any time split brain is detected. To configure this handler, add the following item to your resource configuration:. It simply sends a notification e-mail message to a specified address. To configure the handler to send a message to root localhost which is expected to be an email address that forwards the notification to a real system administrator , configure the split-brain handler as follows:.

After you have made this modification on a running resource and synchronized the configuration file between nodes , no additional intervention is needed to enable the handler. DRBD will simply invoke the newly-configured handler on the next occurrence of split brain.

DRBD applies its split brain recovery procedures based on the number of nodes in the Primary role at the time the split brain is detected. Split brain has just been detected, but at this time the resource is not in the Primary role on any host. For this option, DRBD understands the following keywords:. Split brain has just been detected, and at this time the resource is in the Primary role on one host.

If a split brain victim can be selected after applying these policies, automatically resolve. Otherwise, behave exactly as if disconnect were specified. If a split brain victim can be selected after applying these policies, invoke the pri-lost-after-sb handler on the victim node. This handler must be configured in the handlers section and is expected to forcibly remove the node from the cluster. Split brain has just been detected, and at this time the resource is in the Primary role on both hosts.

This option accepts the same keywords as after-sb-1pri except discard-secondary and consensus. For example, a resource which serves as the block device for a GFS or OCFS2 file system in dual-Primary mode may have its recovery policy defined as follows:. The stacked device is the active one.

On the stacked device, you must always use internal meta data. This means that the effectively available storage area on a stacked device is slightly smaller, compared to an unstacked device. To get the stacked upper level device running, the underlying device must be in the primary role.

To be able to synchronize the backup node, the stacked device on the active node must be up and in the primary role. As with any drbd. Notice the following extra keyword not found in an unstacked resource configuration:. This option informs DRBD that the resource which contains it is a stacked resource.

It replaces one of the on sections normally found in any resource configuration. Do not use stacked-on-top-of in an lower-level resource. As with unstacked resources, you must create DRBD meta data on the stacked resources. This is done using the following command:. To automate stacked resource management, you may integrate stacked resources in your cluster manager configuration.

A node might be permanently diskless in DRBD. Here is a configuration example showing a resource with 3 diskful nodes servers and one permanently diskless node client. For permanently diskless nodes no bitmap slot gets allocated. For such nodes the diskless status is displayed in green color since it is not an error or unexpected state. See The Client Mode for internal details. Given the example policy that data needs to be available on 3 nodes, you need at least 3 servers for your setup.

To redistribute the data across your cluster you have to choose a new node, and one where you want to remove this DRBD resource. Of course, that might not always be possible. You will need to have a free bitmap slot for temporary use, on each of the nodes that have the resource that is to be moved.

You can allocate one more at drbdadm create-md time , or simply put a placeholder in your configuration, so that drbdadm sees that it should reserve one more slot:. First of all you have to create the underlying storage volume on the new node using e. Then the placeholder in the configuration can be filled with the correct host name, address, and storage path.

Now copy the resource configuration to all relevant nodes. As soon as the new host is UpToDate , one of the other nodes in the configuration can be renamed to for-later-rebalancing , and kept for another migration. One of the resources has been migrated to the new node. The same could be done for one or more other resources, to free space on two or three nodes in the existing cluster. Then new resources can be configured, as there are enough nodes with free space to achieve 3-way redundancy again.

To avoid split brain or diverging data of replicas one has to configure fencing. All the options for fencing rely on redundant communication in the end. That might be in the form of a management network that connects the nodes to the IPMI network interfaces of the peer machines. The quorum mechanism, however, takes a completely different approach.

The basic idea is that a cluster partition may only modify the replicated data set if the number of nodes that can communicate is greater than half of the overall number of nodes.

A node of such a partition has quorum. However, a node that does not have quorum needs to guarantee that the replicated data set is not touched, so that the node does not create a diverging data set. The quorum implementation in DRBD gets enabled by setting the quorum resource option to majority , all or a numeric value.

Where majority selects the behavior that was described in the previous paragraph. By default every node with a disk gets a vote in the quorum election.

That is, only diskless nodes do not count. So a partition with two Inconsistent disks gets quorum, while a partition with one UpToDate node will have quorum in a 3 node cluster. By configuring quorum-minimum-redundancy this behavior can be changed so that only nodes that are UpToDate have a vote in the quorum election. The option takes the same arguments as the quorum option. With this option you express that you rather want to wait until eventually necessary resync operations finish before any services start.

So in a way you prefer that the minimal redundancy of your data is guaranteed over the availability of your service. Financial data and services is an example that comes to mind. Consider following example for a 5 node cluster. It requires a partitions to have at least 3 nodes, and two of them must be UpToDate :.

When a node that is running the service loses quorum it needs to cease write-operations on the data set immediately. Usually that means that a graceful shutdown is not possible, since that would require more modifications to the data set.

This allows then Pacemaker to unmount the filesystem and to demote the DRBD resource to secondary role. If that is true you should set the on-no-quorum resource option to io-error. Here is an example:. Here is a configuration example:. A diskless node with connections to all nodes in a cluster can be used to break ties in the quorum negotiation process. As soon as the connection between the two nodes is interrupted, they lose quorum and the application on top of the cluster cannot write data anymore.

Now if we add a third node, C, to the cluster and configure it as diskless, we can take advantage of the tiebreaker mechanism. Because of this, the primary can continue working, while the secondary demotes its disk to Outdated and the service can therefore not be migrated there. In this case, the tiebreaker node forms a partition with the primary node.

The primary therefore keeps quorum, while the secondary becomes outdated. A cluster manager could then promote node B to primary and keep the service running there instead. Consider this scenario:. The connection between the primary and secondary has failed, and the application is continuing to run on the primary, when the primary suddenly loses its connection to the diskless node.

Here, the application is running on the primary, while the secondary is unavailable. Then, the tiebreaker first loses connection to the primary, and then reconnects to the secondary.

It is important to note here that a node that has lost quorum cannot regain quorum by connecting to a diskless node. Therefore, in this case, no node has quorum and the cluster halts. It needs to be mentioned that nodes that leave a cluster gracefully are counted differently from failed nodes.

Based on Ubuntu, this distro would be perfect for beginners that previously used Ubuntu. Easy to install and everything works out of the box.

At least not as much as SteamOS. It has all the tools you need pre-installed. The game store is great — a wide choice of quality games that you can install with a single click. Solus looks great, especially with the Budgie desktop environment. Solus looks great. One of the best looking Linux distros out there today, especially with its flagship desktop environment Budgie. The new v4 of SuperGamer was recently released and no longer includes some open source games pre-installed, but you can easily install them, or install an app like Steam.

Easy to install, easy to set up, and comes pre-installed with everything you need. A great way to go back in time and play the good old retro games. Which distro do you use? What kind of a Linux gaming setup do you have? Did we miss something? Leave a comment below! Your email address will not be published. I really like Linux Mint. I almost got Planetside 2 running! It seems that the Ubuntu based distros have a nasty habit of playing with video drivers. They revert to open source and cause all sorts of problems.

I run NVidea for my large monitor and Intel onboard for laptop monitor. Each of these six or more times, the config was swapped out even though I said no to changes.

I know right? I would think that their work one the LSI linux Steam Integration would be enough to merit a mention here. Gentoo Linux and Steam.

Using it every day, fast, very stable and not for all users I mean Gentoo Linux is really more for PowerUsers than usual Ubuntu user. I used to like Ubuntu until I found out that on March 30, Canonical announced their partnership with Microsoft. Haha, I have new findings for you. Everybody is working with Microsoft.

They all are Microsoft puppets. Red Star OS is the best option. All Ubuntu forks fall off the edge if you still want all of your privacy since Canonical is working together with Microsoft.

 

Crossover ubuntu 16.04 full free

 

Legendary - A free and open-source replacement for the Epic Ffee Launcher. Work fast with our official CLI. Learn more. If nothing happens, download GitHub Desktop and try again. If nothing happens, download Xcode and try again. There was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. Legendary is an open-source game ftee that can download and install games from the Epic Games platform on Linux, macOS, and Windows. Please read the the config file and cli usage sections before creating an issue to avoid invalid reports.

If you run into any issues ask for help on our Discord or create an issue on GitHub so we can fix it! Finally, if you wish to support the project, please crossover ubuntu 16.04 full free buying me a coffee on Ko-Fi.

Note: Legendary crosover currently a CLI command-line interface application without a graphical user interface, it has to be run from a terminal e. Several distros already have packages available, check out the Available Linux Packages wiki page for details. Note that since packages are maintained by third parties читать may take a bit for them to be updated to crossover ubuntu 16.04 full free latest version.

If you always want to have the latest features and fixes available then using the PyPI distribution is recommended. Download the legendary or legendary.

The Windows. To prevent problems with permissions during installation, please upgrade your pip by running python -m pip install -U pip --user. Legendary is available on PyPIto install simply run:. Logo pixelmator free Linux this may also require installing a supported web engine and its python bindings. Ubunutu example:. Note: Using pywebview's Qt engine may not work correctly. Using pywebview is currently unsupported on macOS.

If the legendary executable is not available after installation, you may need to configure your PATH correctly. You can do this by running the command:. This installs legendary in "editable" mode - any changes to the source code will take effect next time the legendary executable runs. Tip: When using PowerShell with нажмите для деталей standalone executable, you may need по этой ссылке replace legendary with.

When using the prebuilt Windows executables of version 0. Otherwise, authentication is a little finicky since we have to go through the Crssover website and manually copy a code. The login page should open in your browser and after logging in you should be presented crossover ubuntu 16.04 full free a JSON response that contains a code "sid"just copy the code into the crossover ubuntu 16.04 full free and hit enter.

Alternatively you can use the crossover ubuntu 16.04 full free flag to import the authentication from the Epic Games Launcher manually specifying the used WINE prefix may be required on Linux. Note that this crossover ubuntu 16.04 full free log you out of the Epic Launcher.

This will fetch a list of нажмите для деталей available on your account, the first time may take a while depending on how many games you have. Note: the name used here is generally the game's "app name" as seen in the games list rather than its title, but as of 0. In this case legendary install world of goo or legendary install wog would also work! Tip: most games will run fine offline --offlineand thus won't require launching through legendary for online authentication.

These can then be entered into any other game launcher e. Note: Importing will require a full verification so Legendary can correctly update the game later. Note 2: In order to use an alias here you may have to put it into quotes if if contains more than one word, e. Note: When this command is run the ffee time after a supported game has been installed it will ask you ffee confirm or provide the path to where the savegame is located.

Skip to content. Star crossover ubuntu 16.04 full free. Legendary - A free and open-source replacement for the Epic Games Launcher legendary. This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork /36621.txt of the repository. Branches Tags. Could not load branches. Could not load tags. Launching Xcode If nothing happens, download Xcode and try again. Launching Visual Studio Code Your codespace will open once ready.

Latest commit. CommandMC and derrod [core] Save path resolution: Fallback to reading wine prefix from env…. Git stats commits. Failed to load latest commit information.

View code. Legendary A free and open-source Epic Games Launcher alternative Legendary is an open-source game launcher crossover ubuntu 16.04 full free logic pro x manual pdf freefree download and install games from the Epic Games platform on Linux, fyll, and Windows. Requirements Linux, Windows 8. Python Package any Prerequisites To prevent problems with permissions during installation, please upgrade your pip crodsover running python -m pip install -U pip --user.

Legendary v0. Releases 46 0. Jun crossover ubuntu 16.04 full free, Sponsor this project ko-fi. Contributors 9. You signed in with нажмите чтобы прочитать больше tab or window. Reload to refresh your session. You signed out in another tab or window.